{"id":9113,"date":"2026-02-18T03:35:33","date_gmt":"2026-02-18T03:35:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inskill.in\/training\/?p=9113"},"modified":"2026-02-17T03:37:07","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T03:37:07","slug":"optimize-ppa-in-physical-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inskill.in\/training\/vlsi\/optimize-ppa-in-physical-design\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Optimize Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) in Physical Design"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9113\" class=\"elementor elementor-9113\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b1a63a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"6b1a63a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9486f45\" data-id=\"9486f45\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31da549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31da549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.11.2 - 22-02-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In modern VLSI chip design, success is no longer defined by functionality alone. A chip must meet Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) targets simultaneously to be commercially viable. Whether it is a mobile processor, AI accelerator, automotive SoC, or networking chip, PPA optimization lies at the heart of physical design decisions.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Optimizing one PPA metric often impacts the others, making physical design a careful balancing act rather than a linear flow. This blog takes a deep dive into how PPA is optimized during physical design, the trade-offs involved, and the techniques engineers use in real-world projects to achieve optimal results.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. What Is PPA and Why It Matters in Physical Design<\/span><\/h3><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power consumption determines:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Battery life (for mobile devices)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thermal reliability<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operating cost in data centers<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Performance<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Performance is typically measured by:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clock frequency<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Timing closure<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Latency and throughput<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Area<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Area impacts:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Silicon cost<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yield<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Packaging feasibility<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In physical design, PPA is tightly interconnected, improving one metric often degrades another. The goal is not maximum performance or minimum power alone, but an optimal balance based on product requirements.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. PPA Optimization Across the Physical Design Flow<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PPA optimization is not a single step; it is an end-to-end process spanning multiple stages:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Post-synthesis optimization<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Floorplanning<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Placement<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routing<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Timing, power, and sign-off analysis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decisions made early in the flow heavily influence final PPA results.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Power Optimization Techniques in Physical Design<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power optimization focuses on reducing both dynamic and leakage power.<\/span><\/p><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.1 Clock Gating<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the clock network toggles every cycle, it contributes significantly to dynamic power.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disable clock when logic is idle<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Requires CTS-aware implementation<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduces unnecessary switching<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.2 Multi-Vt Cell Usage<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High-Vt cells \u2192 lower leakage, slower<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Low-Vt cells \u2192 faster, higher leakage<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strategic cell assignment balances timing and leakage<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.3 Power Gating<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shuts down entire blocks when inactive<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uses isolation cells and retention registers<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common in low-power SoCs<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.4 Routing and Placement Impact<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shorter wires reduce switching capacitance<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Congestion-aware placement reduces dynamic power<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power optimization must be timing-aware to avoid performance degradation.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Performance Optimization in Physical Design<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Performance optimization primarily targets timing closure.<\/span><\/p><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.1 Critical Path Optimization<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify worst negative slack paths<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upsize cells on critical paths<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce logic depth<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Optimize placement for proximity<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.2 Timing-Driven Placement<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern tools place cells with timing awareness, ensuring:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critical paths are compact<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-critical logic is deprioritized<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.3 Clock Tree Optimization<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimize clock skew<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control clock latency<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apply useful skew where beneficial<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A well-designed CTS directly improves performance without increasing data path complexity.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Area Optimization Strategies<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Area efficiency directly affects cost and yield.<\/span><\/p><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.1 Cell Density Optimization<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid excessive whitespace<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balance routing congestion<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain legal placement density<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.2 Standard Cell Selection<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smaller cells reduce area<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overuse of large drive cells inflates area<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Replace oversized cells on non-critical paths<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.3 Macro Placement Strategy<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor macro placement increases routing overhead<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Optimized macro orientation reduces congestion<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Area optimization must not compromise routing quality or manufacturability.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. Trade-offs Between Power, Performance, and Area<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PPA optimization is inherently a trade-off problem:<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Optimization Goal<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Potential Impact<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher performance<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased power &amp; area<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower power<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced performance<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smaller area<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routing congestion, timing risk<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experienced physical design engineers know when to relax one metric to save another, based on product priorities.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. Role of Placement in PPA Optimization<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Placement heavily influences all three PPA metrics:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shorter distances \u2192 better timing &amp; lower power<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Congestion-aware placement \u2192 better routing quality<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balanced density \u2192 stable area utilization<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern tools use timing-, power-, and congestion-driven placement algorithms to optimize PPA early.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8. CTS Impact on PPA<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CTS alone can consume 30\u201340% of total chip power.<\/span><\/p><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CTS Optimization Techniques<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buffer count minimization<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Optimal clock tree topology<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clock gating integration<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Skew control for timing improvement<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor CTS design often leads to power spikes and timing failures, making CTS central to PPA optimization.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9. Routing Optimization for Better PPA<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routing impacts:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interconnect delay (performance)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Switching capacitance (power)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metal utilization (area)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routing Best Practices<\/span><\/h5><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimize detours on critical nets<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use higher metal layers wisely<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce crosstalk and coupling capacitance<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Late-stage routing fixes often cause PPA regressions if not handled carefully.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10. Multi-Corner Multi-Mode (MCMM) Considerations<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PPA must be optimized across:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different voltages<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different temperatures<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functional and test modes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A design optimized for one corner may fail in another. MCMM-aware optimization ensures robust PPA across all scenarios.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11. PPA Optimization at Advanced Nodes (7nm and Below)<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advanced nodes introduce:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher leakage currents<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased variability<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routing complexity<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IR drop sensitivity<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, PPA optimization becomes more parasitic-driven and variation-aware, requiring tighter integration between tools and engineering judgment.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best Practices for Effective PPA Optimization<\/span><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Start PPA optimization early<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid over-optimizing a single metric<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use incremental analysis<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor PPA impact after every ECO<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Validate power and timing together<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early and continuous optimization prevents painful late-stage fixes.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why PPA Skills Are Critical for VLSI Careers<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Companies do not ship chips that only work, they ship chips that are:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fast enough<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power-efficient<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost-effective<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Engineers who understand PPA trade-offs are highly valued because they directly influence product success and profitability.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For learners on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/inskill.in\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">inskill.in<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mastering PPA optimization bridges the gap between theory and real-world chip design.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Final Thoughts<\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Optimizing Power, Performance, and Area is the defining challenge of physical design. It requires a deep understanding of timing, placement, routing, clocking, and power behavior, along with the ability to make smart trade-offs.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A well-optimized PPA design is not accidental; it is the result of systematic engineering decisions made throughout the physical design flow.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In modern VLSI chip design, success is no longer defined by functionality alone. A chip must meet Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) targets simultaneously to be commercially viable. Whether it is a mobile processor, AI accelerator, automotive SoC, or networking chip, PPA optimization lies at the heart of physical design decisions. Optimizing one PPA metric [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vlsi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to Optimize Power, Performance, and Area in Physical Design<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to optimize Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) in VLSI physical design. 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