Practical articles on VLSI design, verification, tools and building a career in the semiconductor industry.
UVM (Universal Verification Methodology) interviews often go beyond definitions such as sequence, sequencer, driver, and monitor. Interviewers may ask you to write a transaction class, implement a sequence, connect a…
SystemVerilog interviews are often more practical than candidates expect. Knowing the syntax of logic, always_ff, classes, constraints, or assertions is useful, but interviewers frequently ask candidates to write code, modify…
If you are exploring a career in VLSI, you may come across job titles such as RTL Design Engineer, SoC Design Engineer, RTL Integration Engineer, and SoC Integration Engineer. These…
RTL design interviews are not limited to writing Verilog or SystemVerilog syntax. Once an interviewer understands that a candidate knows basic RTL coding, the discussion often moves toward sequential logic,…
A simulation can execute thousands or millions of test scenarios without automatically telling you whether every important RTL behavior was correct.This is where SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) become useful.Instead of checking…
When engineers start learning RTL verification, two coverage terms appear repeatedly: code coverage and functional coverage.Both help a verification team understand how thoroughly a design has been exercised, but they…
AXI is widely used for communication between IP blocks in modern SoCs, but implementing an AXI interface correctly is more than connecting the right signals.Many AXI problems come from relatively…
If you are starting to learn SoC design, RTL design, or design verification, you will quickly come across terms such as AMBA, AXI, AHB, and APB. These protocols are used…
Writing RTL that produces the expected simulation result is only one part of digital design.For an RTL design to be useful in an ASIC or SoC development flow, it must…
PCI Express, commonly called PCIe, is one of the most important high-speed interconnect technologies used in modern computing systems. It connects processors with devices such as GPUs, storage controllers, network…
Modern SoCs, ASICs and FPGA designs commonly contain multiple clock domains. A processor may run at one frequency, a peripheral at another, and a high-speed interface at yet another. When…
Modern SoCs rarely operate with a single power supply or a single operating mode. Different blocks may run at different voltages, some blocks may be switched off when they are…
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